Grado de disconfort del paciente crítico pediátrico y correlación con variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, analgosedación y síndrome de abstinencia. Estudio multicéntrico COSAIP (Fase 2) / Level of discomfort in critically ill paediatric patients and its correlation with sociodemographic and clinical variables, analgosedation and withdrawal syndrome. COSAIP multicentre study (Phase 2)

Introducción: Existen factores clínicos o sociodemográficos que pueden tener un impacto en el confort del paciente crítico pediátrico. El objetivo principal fue determinar el grado de disconfort de los pacientes pediátricos ingresados en las UCIP de diversos hospitales nacionales y analizar su relación con variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, sedoanalgesia y síndrome de abstinencia.Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico, transversal y multicéntrico en 5 hospitales españoles. Se valoró el grado de analgosedación mediante el sensor BIS y las escalas de dolor adaptadas a la edad pediátrica, una vez por turno durante 24h. El grado de abstinencia se determinó con la escala Withdrawal Assessment Tool (WAT-1), una vez por turno durante 3 días consecutivos. Además, se valoró simultáneamente el grado de disconfort mediante la COMFORT Behavior Scale-versión española (CBS-ES).Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 261 pacientes críticos pediátricos con una mediana de edad de 1,61años (RIQ=0,35-6,55). Se objetivaron puntuaciones globales de disconfort de 10,79±3,7 en el turno de mañana versus 10,31±3,3 en el de noche. Se observó asociación estadística al comparar al grupo de pacientes analgosedados con el grupo de no analgosedados en ambos turnos (χ2: 45,48; p=0,001). A la vez, también se observó una relación estadísticamente significativa (p<0,001) entre puntuaciones bajas de disconfort y menor desarrollo de síndrome de abstinencia.Conclusiones: Existe una parte de la población estudiada que padece disconfort, por lo que se hace necesario el desarrollo de protocolos específicos guiados por instrumentos válidos y testados en la práctica clínica, como la COMFORT Behavior Scale-versión española. (AU)

Introduction: There are clinical and sociodemographic factors that have an impact on the comfort of the critically ill paediatric patient. The main aim of this study was to determine the level of discomfort of paediatric patients admitted to different national hospitals, and to analyse its correlation with sociodemographic and clinical variables, analgosedation, and withdrawal syndrome.Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional, and multicentre study was conducted in five Spanish hospitals. The level of analgosedation was assessed once per shift over a 24h period, using a BIS sensor, and pain with scales adapted to paediatric age population. The intensity of withdrawal syndrome was determined using the Withdrawal Assessment Tool (WAT-1) scale once per shift for 3 days. Discomfort level was simultaneous assessed using COMFORT Behaviour Scale-Spanish version (CBS-S).Results: A total of 261 critically ill paediatric patients with median age of 1.61 years (IQR=0.35-6.55) were included. An overall discomfort score of 10.79±3.7 was observed during morning compared to 10.31±3.3 observed during the night. When comparing analgosedation and non-analgosedation groups, statistically differences were found in both shifts (χ2: 45.48; P=.001). At the same time, an association was observed (P<.001) between low discomfort scores and development of withdrawal syndrome development assessed with WAT-1.Conclusions: As there is a percentage of the studied population with discomfort, specific protocols need to be developed, guided by valuated and clinically tested tools, like the COMFORT Behaviour Scale-Spanish version. (AU)

Caring for critically ill adults in paediatric intensive care units in England during the COVID-19 pandemic: planning, implementation and lessons for the future.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the experience of paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in England that repurposed their units, equipment and staff to care for critically ill adults during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Seven PICUs in England. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Modelling using historical Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network data; (2) space, staff, equipment, clinical care, communication and governance considerations during repurposing of PICUs; (3) characteristics, interventions and outcomes of adults cared for in repurposed PICUs. RESULTS: Seven English PICUs, accounting for 137 beds, repurposed their space, staff and equipment to admit critically ill adults. Neighbouring PICUs increased their bed capacity to maintain overall bed numbers for children, which was informed by historical data modelling (median 280-307 PICU beds were required in England from March to June). A total of 145 adult patients (median age 50-62 years) were cared for in repurposed PICUs (1553 bed-days). The vast majority of patients had COVID-19 (109/145, 75%); the majority required invasive ventilation (91/109, 85%). Nearly, a third of patients (42/145, 29%) underwent a tracheostomy. Renal replacement therapy was provided in 20/145 (14%) patients. Twenty adults died in PICU (14%). CONCLUSION: In a rapid and unprecedented effort during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, seven PICUs in England were repurposed to care for adult patients. The success of this effort was underpinned by extensive local preparation, close collaboration with adult intensivists and careful national planning to safeguard paediatric critical care capacity.

EEG in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: An Irish Experience.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence for continuous EEG monitoring in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is increasing. However, 24/7 access to EEG is not routinely available in most centers, and clinical management is often informed by more limited EEG resources. The experience of EEG was reviewed in a tertiary PICU where 24/7 EEG cover is unavailable. METHODS: Retrospective EEG and clinical review of 108 PICU patients. Correlations were carried out between EEG and clinical variables including mortality. The role of EEG in clinical decision making was documented. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-six EEGs were carried out in 108 PICU patients over 2.5 years (434 hours of recording). After exclusion of 1 outlying patient with epileptic encephalopathy, 136 EEGs (median duration, 65 minutes; range, 20 minutes to 4 hours 40 minutes) were included. Sixty-two patients (57%) were less than 12 months old. Seizures were detected in 18 of 107 patients (17%); 74% of seizures were subclinical; 72% occurred within the first 30 minutes of recording. Adverse EEG findings were associated with high mortality. Antiepileptic drug use was high in the studied population irrespective of EEG seizure detection. Prevalence of epileptiform discharges and EEG seizures diminished with increasing levels of sedation. CONCLUSIONS: EEG provides important diagnostic information in a large proportion of PICU patients. In the absence of 24/7 EEG availability, empirical antiepileptic drug utilization is high.

Tracheostomy trends in paediatric intensive care.

Paediatric tracheostomy is most commonly performed in children on the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) to facilitate long-term ventilation. We sought to identify trends in UK tracheostomy practice in PICUs. Data were analysed from 250 261 admissions, including 4409 children tracheostomised between 2003 and 2017. The incidence of tracheostomy in 2017 was approximately half that in 2003 (incidence rate ratio=0.48, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.57). The percentage of patients tracheostomised during a PICU admission, as a proportion of all admissions, was 2.44% (n=319) in 2003 and reduced to 0.97% (n=180) in 2017. Nevertheless, we identified great variability in practice between different PICUs with tracheostomy rates between 0.0% and 4.0% of all admissions. Risk-adjusted PICU mortality was comparable between tracheostomised children and all admissions to PICU.

Declining mortality rates in children admitted to ICU following HCT.

We aimed to assess short- and long-term mortality, including factors associated with mortality, for children referred to a pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) at Rigshospitalet, Denmark, following haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Data regarding admission to ICU and mortality following HCT for children below 16 years of age between 2000 and 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. We identified 55 ICU admissions in 39 patients following 46 HCTs. The overall in-ICU, in-hospital, 3-month, and 1-year mortality rates were 33.3%, 43.6%, 46.2%, and 51.3%, respectively. Patients admitted from 2000 to 2010 had a 3-month mortality of 63.2% and 1-year mortality of 68.4%, compared to 30% and 35% (P = .040 and P = .039) for patients admitted from 2011 to 2017. The main reason for ICU admission was respiratory failure (78.2%). Mechanical ventilation (MV) was associated with a higher long-term mortality (P = .044), and use of inotropes or vasopressors was associated with increased mortality at all times (all P > .006). Extracorporeal life support, renal replacement therapy, longer ICU stay, and longer time with MV were not associated with increased mortality. Over the past two decades, mortality was significantly reduced in pediatric HCT patients admitted to the ICU. The cause is probably multifactorial and warrants further studies. Our findings support admissions of critically ill pediatric HCT patients to intensive care with encouraging outcomes of even long-term admissions.

Telemedicina en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos: Desarrollo de una nueva modalidad asistencial / Telemedicinein Pediatric Intensive Care Units: Development of a new care model

Los Programas telemédicos entre unidades de cuidados intensivos han demostrado ser eficaces en el mundo. En Argentina realizamos el primer programa piloto entre una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos de Buenos Aires (UCIP- BA) y Santiago del Estero (UCIP-S). En el presente trabajo describimos el desarrollo y la evaluación de una nueva modalidad de asistencia para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento a distancia de los pacientes en UCIP. Se implementó un programa de atención sincrónica para pacientes internados y seleccionados por la UCIP-S. Se utilizó un sistema de videoconferencia y se realizó un seguimiento en conjunto de los pacientes. La evaluación se realizó con una encuesta de satisfacción de los usuarios. Ingresaron al estudio 29 pacientes, 72 % del sexo masculino. La edad promedio fue de 35 meses (2-168). El diagnóstico más frecuente fue shock séptico y el acompañamiento en el diagnóstico la conducta más frecuente. Solo cinco pacientes obitaron y se registraron 3 derivaciones al Hospital Garrahan. Se realizaron 155 teleconferencias y 396 consultas, con un tiempo promedio diario de 48 minutos, La media de seguimientos por pacientes fue de 20,6 días (2-107). Tele-UCI mejoró la capacidad de comprensión de la situación clínica (96%) y modificó la relación con la familia (65%). El modelo asistencial demostró un 88.5% de satisfacción. A través de estos resultados concluimos que según los profesionales participantes, Tele-UCI respaldó al equipo que se encarga del seguimiento diario de los pacientes, generando una disminución de traslados de pacientes (AU)

Telemedicine programs between intensive care units have proven effective worldwide. In Argentina we conducted the first pilot program between a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in Buenos Aires (PICU- BA) and another in Santiago del Estero (PICU-S). In this study, we describe the development and evaluation of a new care modality for the diagnosis, treatment, and remote monitoring of patients in the PICU. A synchronous care program for inpatients selected by PICU-S was implemented. A videoconferencing system was used and patients were monitored together. The program was evaluated with a user satisfaction survey. Twenty-nine patients, 72% of the male sex, were included in the study. Mean age was 35 months (2-168). The most common diagnosis was septic shock and in the majority of cases the diagnosis was confirmed. Only five patients died and three were referred to Garrahan Hospital. Overall, 155 teleconferences and 396 consultations were conducted, with a mean daily time of 48 minutes. Mean monitoring time per patient was 20.6 days (2-107). Tele-ICU improved the ability to understand the clinical situation (96%) and changed the relationship with the family (65%). The care model showed an 88.5% satisfaction rate. Based on these results, we conclude that according to the participating professionals, TeleICU supported the team that is in charge of the daily monitoring of patients, leading to a decrease in patient transfers (AU)

Trends in the Use of Noninvasive and Invasive Ventilation for Severe Asthma.

OBJECTIVES: To explore and define contemporary trends in the use of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in the treatment of children with asthma. METHODS: We performed a serial cross-sectional analysis using data from the Pediatric Health Information System. We examined 2014-2018 admission abstracts from patients aged 2 to 17 years who were admitted to member hospitals with a primary diagnosis of asthma. We report temporal trends in IMV use, NIV use, ICU admission, length of stay, and mortality. RESULTS: Over the study period, 48 hospitals reported 95 204 admissions with a primary diagnosis of asthma. Overall, IMV use remained stable at 0.6% between 2014 and 2018 (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.3%-1.1% and 0.2%-1.3%, respectively), whereas NIV use increased from 1.5% (IQR: 0.3%-3.2%) to 2.1% (IQR: 0.3%-5.6%). There was considerable practice variation among centers, with NIV rates more than doubling within the highest quartile of users (from 4.8% [IQR: 2.8%-7.5%] to 13.2% [IQR: 7.4%-15.2%]; P < .02). ICU admission was more common among centers with high NIV use, but centers with high NIV use did not differ from lower-use centers in mortality, IMV use, or overall average length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: The use of IMV is at historic lows, and NIV has replaced it as the primary mechanical support mode for asthma. However, there is considerable variability in NIV use. Increased NIV use was not associated with a change in IMV rates, which remained stable. Higher NIV use was associated with increased ICU admissions. NIV's precise contribution to the cost and quality of care remains to be determined.

End-of-life care in a pediatric intensive care unit: the impact of the development of a palliative care unit.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this paper is to describe how end-of-life care is managed when life-support limitation is decided in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and to analyze the influence of the further development of the Palliative Care Unit. METHODS: A 15-year retrospective study of children who died after life-support limitation was initiated in a pediatric intensive care unit. Patients were divided into two groups, pre- and post-palliative care unit development. Epidemiological and clinical data, the decision-making process, and the approach were analyzed. Data was obtained from patient medical records. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-five patients were included. The main reason for admission was respiratory failure (86/175). A previous pathology was present in 152 patients (61/152 were neurological issues). The medical team and family participated together in the decision-making in 145 cases (82.8%). The family made the request in 10 cases (9 vs. 1, p = 0.019). Withdrawal was the main life-support limitation (113/175), followed by withholding life-sustaining treatments (37/175). Withdrawal was more frequent in the post-palliative group (57.4% vs. 74.3%, p = 0.031). In absolute numbers, respiratory support was the main type of support withdrawn. CONCLUSIONS: The main cause of life-support limitation was the unfavourable evolution of the underlying pathology. Families were involved in the decision-making process in a high percentage of the cases. The development of the Palliative Care Unit changed life-support limitation in our unit, with differences detected in the type of patient and in the strategy used. Increased confidence among intensivists when providing end-of-life care, and the availability of a Palliative Care Unit may contribute to improvements in the quality of end-of-life care.

Trauma to Transformation: the lived experience of bereaved parents of children with chronic life-threatening illnesses in Singapore.

BACKGROUND: In 2016, over 6.6 million children died globally, and 245 children died in Singapore. Chronic illnesses are prevalent causes of child mortality around the world. Despite growing research that examines the lived experience of parents bereaved by their child's chronic life-threatening illness, there is no such study within the Asian context. METHODS: To bridge this knowledge gap, meaning-oriented, strength-focused interviews were conducted with 25 parental units (i.e. 6 couples, 13 lone mothers, 4 lone fathers, and 2 primary parental figures) who lost their child to chronic life-threatening illness in Singapore (N = 31), including those of Chinese (n = 17), Malay (n = 10) and Indian ethnicities (n = 4), between August 2017 and April 2018. RESULTS: Data analysis adhering to the grounded theory approach revealed 7 themes and 25 sub-themes that were organized into a Trauma-to-Transformation Model of Parental Bereavement. This model shows the major milestones in participants' lived experience of their child's chronic life-threatening illness and death, starting from the diagnosis of their child's chronic life-threatening illness and the subsequent emotional turmoil (Theme 1), the mourning of their child's death and the losses which accompanied the death (Theme 3) and participants' experience of posttraumatic growth through reflection of their journey of caregiving and child loss (Theme 5). The model further describes the deliberate behaviors or 'rituals' that helped participants to regain power over their lives (Theme 2), sustain an intimate bond with their child beyond death (Theme 4), and transcend their loss by deriving positive outcomes from their experience (Theme 6). Finally, the model denotes that the lived experiences and well-being of participants were embedded within the health-and-social-care ecosystem, and in turn impacted by it (Theme 7). CONCLUSION: These themes and their corresponding sub-themes are discussed, with recommendations for enhancing culturally sensitive support services for grieving Asian parents around the globe.

Enhancing teamwork communication and patient safety responsiveness in a paediatric intensive care unit using the daily safety huddle tool.

BACKGROUND: Open communication between leadership and frontline staff at the unit level is vital in promoting safe hospital culture. Our hospital staff culture survey identified the failure to address safety issues as one of the areas where staff felt unable to express their concerns openly. Thus, this improvement project using the daily safety huddle tool has been developed to enhance teamwork communication and respond effectively to patient safety issues identified in a paediatric intensive care unit. METHODS: We used the TeamSTEPPS quality approach. TeamSTEPPS is an evidence-based set of teamwork tools developed by the US Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality to enhance teamwork and communication. We applied TeamSTEPPS using a tool called the Daily Safety Huddle, aiming at improving communication and interaction between healthcare workers and building trust by acting immediately when there is any patient safety issue or concern at the unit level. RESULTS: During the period from April to December 2017, the interaction between frontline staff and unit leadership increased through compliance with the daily safety huddle. Initially, compliance was at 73%, but it increased to 97%, with a total of 340 safety issues addressed. The majority of these safety issues pertained to infection control and medication errors (109; 32.05%), followed by communication (83; 24.41%), documentation (59; 17.35%), other issues (37; 10.88%), procedure (20; 5.88%), patient flow (16; 4.7%) and equipment and supplies (16; 4.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Systematic use of daily safety huddle is a powerful tool to create an equitable environment where frontline staff can speak up freely about daily patient safety concerns. The huddle leads to a more open and active discussion with unit leadership and to the ability to perform the right action at the right time.

Comunicaciones Orales: I Encuentro científico virtual de la SCCALP / Oral CommuniCations: 1st Virtual scientific meeting of SCCALP

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Neighborhood Poverty and Pediatric Intensive Care Use.

BACKGROUND: Disparities in health service use have been described across a range of sociodemographic factors. Patterns of PICU use have not been thoroughly assessed. METHODS: This was a population-level, retrospective analysis of admissions to the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center PICU between 2011 and 2016. Residential addresses of patients were geocoded and spatially joined to census tracts. Pediatric patients were eligible for inclusion if they resided within Hamilton County, Ohio. PICU admission and bed-day rates were calculated by using numerators of admissions and bed days, respectively, over a denominator of tract child population. Relationships between tract-level PICU use and child poverty were assessed by using Spearman's ρ and analysis of variance. Analyses were event based; children admitted multiple times were counted as discrete admissions. RESULTS: There were 4071 included admissions involving 3129 unique children contributing a total of 12 297 PICU bed days. Child poverty was positively associated with PICU admission rates (r = 0.59; P < .001) and bed-day rates (r = 0.47; P < .001). When tracts were grouped into quintiles based on child poverty rates, the PICU bed-day rate ranged from 23.4 days per 1000 children in the lowest poverty quintile to 81.9 days in the highest poverty quintile (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The association between poverty and poor health outcomes includes pediatric intensive care use. This association exists for children who grow up in poverty and around poverty. Future efforts should characterize the interplay between patient- and neighborhood-level risk factors and explore neighborhood-level interventions to improve child health.

Growth and Changing Characteristics of Pediatric Intensive Care 2001-2016.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the growth, distribution, and characteristics of pediatric intensive care in 2016. DESIGN: Hospitals with PICUs were identified from prior surveys, databases, online searching, and clinician networking. A structured web-based survey was distributed in 2016 and compared with responses in a 2001 survey. SETTING: PICUs were defined as a separate unit, specifically for the treatment of children with life-threatening conditions. PICU hospitals contained greater than or equal to 1 PICU. SUBJECTS: Physician medical directors and nurse managers. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: PICU beds per pediatric population (< 18 yr), PICU bed distribution by state and region, and PICU characteristics and their relationship with PICU beds were measured. Between 2001 and 2016, the U.S. pediatric population grew 1.9% to greater than 73.6 million children, and PICU hospitals decreased 0.9% from 347 to 344 (58 closed, 55 opened). In contrast, PICU bed numbers increased 43% (4,135 to 5,908 beds); the median PICU beds per PICU hospital rose from 9 to 12 (interquartile range 8, 20 beds). PICU hospitals with greater than or equal to 15 beds in 2001 had significant bed growth by 2016, whereas PICU hospitals with less than 15 beds experienced little average growth. In 2016, there were eight PICU beds per 100,000 U.S. children (5.7 in 2001), with U.S. census region differences in bed availability (6.8 to 8.8 beds/100,000 children). Sixty-three PICU hospitals (18%) accounted for 47% of PICU beds. Specialized PICUs were available in 59 hospitals (17.2%), 48 were cardiac (129% growth). Academic affiliation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation availability, and 24-hour in-hospital intensivist staffing increased with PICU beds per hospital. CONCLUSIONS: U.S. PICU bed growth exceeded pediatric population growth over 15 years with a relatively small percentage of PICU hospitals containing almost half of all PICU beds. PICU bed availability is variable across U.S. states and regions, potentially influencing access to care and emergency preparedness.

Unanticipated admissions to paediatric cardiac critical care after cardiac catheterisations.

OBJECTIVES: Cardiac catheterisation is commonly used for diagnosis and therapeutic interventions in paediatric cardiology. The inherent risk of the procedure can result in unanticipated admissions to critical care. Our goals were to provide a qualitative description of characteristics and evaluation of children admitted unexpectedly to the cardiac critical care unit (CCCU). METHODS: A retrospective single centre review of cardiac catheterisation procedures was done between 1 January, 2003 and 30 April, 2013. RESULTS: Of 9336 cardiac catheterisations performed, 146 (1.6%) were admitted from the catheterisation laboratory to the CCCU and met inclusion criteria. Of these 146 patients, 117 (1.3%) met criteria for unexpected admission and 29 (0.3%) were planned admissions. The majority admitted unexpectedly were below 1 year of age without co-morbidity aside from heart disease. Patients with planned admissions were significantly more likely to have single ventricle physiology, undergoing angiography or transferred for observation. Most unplanned admissions were triggered by interventional catheterisations or procedure-related complications. Patients received mechanical ventilation as the main CCCU management. Eighteen patients needed either cardiopulmonary resuscitation and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during their catheterisation. About 106/117 (90.6%) patients survived to hospital discharge with no deaths in the planned admission group. CONCLUSIONS: Admission to CCCU following cardiac catheterisation was uncommon and tended to occur in younger children undergoing interventional procedures. Outcomes did not differ between patients experiencing planned and unplanned CCCU admission. Ongoing development of risk stratification tools may help to decrease unplanned CCCU admissions. Further studies are needed to determine whether unplanned admission following paediatric cardiac catheterisation should be utilised as a quality indicator.

Vancomycin Use in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Vancomycin is one of the commonly used anti-microbial drugs in intensive care units (ICUs). Guidelines recommend maintaining therapeutic trough levels of vancomycin (10-20 mg/L). The success of achieving the recommended therapeutic concentration of vancomycin is influenced by several factors, and this is even more complex in children, particularly those admitted in the ICU. Hence, we carried out the present study in children admitted in the ICU who were administered vancomycin. METHODS: We carried out a chart review of children admitted in the paediatric ICU unit of a tertiary care hospital over a period of 3 years. Information on their demographic factors, diagnoses, duration of hospital stay, vancomycin treatment (dose, frequency and time of administration) and concomitant drugs, and vancomycin trough levels were retrieved. Descriptive statistics were used for representing the demographic factors, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out to assess the determining factors. RESULTS: One-hundred and two children were identified, of whom 13 had renal dysfunction. Two-hundred and fifty-two vancomycin trough levels were available, of which only 25% were observed in the recommended range (10-20 mg/L) amongst patients without any renal dysfunction and 22% amongst patients with renal dysfunction. Vancomycin was administered intravenously at an average [standard deviation (SD)] dose (mg/dose) of 13 (3.9) mostly either thrice or four times daily. Even in patients receiving vancomycin as a definitive therapy, only 40.9% achieved the recommended trough levels. Lower trough levels were associated with an increased risk of mortality. Nearly 4% of the levels were above 20 mg/L (toxic range). Seven children were suspected to have acute kidney injury (AKI) during the course of therapy where the cumulative vancomycin dose and mortality rate was higher. Only one serum vancomycin level during augmented renal clearance was observed in the recommended range. All the patients received at least one concomitant drug that either had nephrotoxic potential or predominant renal elimination, and use of a greater number of such drugs was associated with an increased risk of AKI. CONCLUSION: The current vancomycin dosing strategy is ineffective in achieving therapeutic trough levels in children admitted to the ICU. Sub-therapeutic vancomycin trough levels significantly increase the risk of mortality.

Knowledge and behavior of professionals about bundled strategies of central venous catheter.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors that influence the knowledge and behavior of professionals of neonatal and pediatric units about bundled strategies of insertion of central venous catheter. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in one neonatal and one pediatric intensive care units in a public hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, from April to July, 2016. The sample consisted of 255 professionals who answered a structured instrument. Descriptive and comparative analyses were made using the SPSS software. RESULTS: The category nursing professional (p = 0.010), working hours of 12×36 scale (p < 0.001), training as a form of acquiring knowledge (p < 0.001) and participation in training programs (p < 0.001) are associated to greater knowledge about the bundle. Regarding behavior, no significant associations were observed. CONCLUSION: The study showed that there are factors that influence the knowledge about bundled strategies of insertion of central venous catheter, reflecting the need to consider these practices for making more effective educational practices in health care.

Short-term outcome associated with disease severity and electrolyte abnormalities among critically ill children with acute kidney injury.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill children is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. In this study we evaluated the effect of AKI severity on the incidence of short-term mortality and morbidity. METHODS: Multicenter prospective cohort study was conducted over two years period. We used the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) to diagnose and stage AKI. RESULTS: A total of 511 out of 1367 included children (37.4%; 95% CI: 34.8-40.0) were diagnosed with AKI. They were categorized into three KDIGO stages: stage I (mild) in 47.5% (95% CI: 43.2-52.0), stage II (moderate) in 32.8% (95% CI: 28.8-37.1) and stage III (severe) in 19.7% (95% CI: 16.4-23.5). Stage II and III AKI had higher risk of mortality and longer length of stay (LOS) in hospital. Children with stage III AKI were more likely to require mechanical ventilation, referral to pediatric nephrology and discharge with abnormal creatinine level (above 100 uml\L). Hypervolemia, hypocalcemia, anemia, and acidosis were found to be independent risk factors of mortality. CONCLUSION: The extent of severity of AKI is directly associated with increased mortality, LOS and short-term morbidity.

Knowledge and behavior of professionals about bundled strategies of central venous catheter / Conocimiento y comportamiento de profesionales sobre el bundle de catéter venoso central / Conhecimento e comportamento de profissionais sobre o bundle de cateter venoso central

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the factors that influence the knowledge and behavior of professionals of neonatal and pediatric units about bundled strategies of insertion of central venous catheter. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in one neonatal and one pediatric intensive care units in a public hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, from April to July, 2016. The sample consisted of 255 professionals who answered a structured instrument. Descriptive and comparative analyses were made using the SPSS software. Results: The category nursing professional (p = 0.010), working hours of 12×36 scale (p < 0.001), training as a form of acquiring knowledge (p < 0.001) and participation in training programs (p < 0.001) are associated to greater knowledge about the bundle. Regarding behavior, no significant associations were observed. Conclusion: The study showed that there are factors that influence the knowledge about bundled strategies of insertion of central venous catheter, reflecting the need to consider these practices for making more effective educational practices in health care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Investigar los factores que influencian el conocimiento y comportamiento de los profesionales de unidades neonatales y pediátricas sobre el bundle de inserción del catéter venoso central. Método: Estudio transversal que se realizó en dos unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal y pediátrica de un hospital público de Belo Horizonte, en el período de abril a julio de 2016. La muestra se constituyó de 255 profesionales, que respondieron a un instrumento estructurado. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y comparativos por medio del software SPSS. Resultados: La categoría profesional de enfermero (p = 0,010), la jornada de trabajo de 12 × 36 horas (p < 0,001), el entrenamiento como forma de adquisición del conocimiento (p < 0,001) y la participación en entrenamientos (p < 0,001) se asocian al mayor conocimiento sobre el bundle. En cuanto al comportamiento, no se observaron asociaciones significativas. Conclusión: Se ha revelado que existen factores que influencian el conocimiento sobre el bundle de inserción de catéter central, reflejando la necesidad de considerarlos para la realización de prácticas educativas más efectivas en salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar os fatores que influenciam o conhecimento e comportamento dos profissionais de unidades neonatais e pediátricas sobre o bundle de inserção do cateter venoso central. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado em duas unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal e pediátrica de um hospital público de Belo Horizonte, no período de abril a julho de 2016. A amostra constituiu-se de 255 profissionais, que responderam a um instrumento estruturado. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e comparativas por meio do software SPSS. Resultados: A categoria profissional de enfermeiro (p = 0,010), a jornada de trabalho de 12×36 horas (p < 0,001), o treinamento como forma de aquisição do conhecimento (p < 0,001) e a participação em treinamentos (p < 0,001) estão associados ao maior conhecimento sobre o bundle. Quanto ao comportamento, não se observou associações significativas. Conclusão: Revelou-se que existem fatores que influenciam o conhecimento sobre o bundle de inserção de cateter central, refletindo a necessidade de considerá-los para a realização de práticas educativas mais efetivas em saúde.

Building a Bridge Between Pediatric Anesthesiologists and Pediatric Intensive Care.

Despite the aligned histories, development, and contemporary practices, today, pediatric anesthesiologists are largely absent from pediatric intensive care units. Contributing to this divide are deficits in exposure to pediatric intensive care at all levels of training in anesthesia and significant credentialing barriers. These observations have led us to consider, does the current structure of training lead to the ability to optimally innovate and collaborate in the delivery of pediatric critical care? We consider how redesigning the pediatric critical care training pathway available for pediatric anesthesiologists may improve care of children both in and out of the operating room by facilitating further sharing of skills, research, and clinical experience. To do so, we review the nuances of both training tracts and the potential benefits and challenges of facilitating greater integration of these aligned fields.

Unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos de puertas abiertas: experiencia y opinión de los padres / Open-door pediatric intensive care units: experiences and parents' opinions / Unidade de cuidados intensivos pediátricos de portas abertas: experiências e opiniões de pais

Resumen: En las unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP) se deben aplicar tratamientos correctos, efectivos, menos invasivos gracias a los recursos con los que se cuenta, trabajar en forma colaborativa multicéntrica, pudiendo cotejar experiencias y minimizando los errores, pero es imprescindible humanizar la atención. Se deben abrir las puertas de las UCIP a los padres, familiares allegados o cuidadores para que acompañen al niño durante la internación y permanezcan siempre que así lo deseen a su lado, lo que incluye los procedimientos sin importar el grado de invasividad, la reanimación cardiopulmonar y el momento de la muerte. Es comprender un derecho que no admite discusión. En este trabajo describimos la experiencia de tres años en una UCIP de puertas abiertas. No ha sido un camino fácil, aún falta mucho por recorrer, pero está en todos los que nos dedicamos al cuidado de niños críticamente enfermos, liderar este cambio.

Summary: ICUs should provide appropriate, effective, non-invasive treatment in multicentric, collaborative environments that foster experience analyses and comparison for error minimization purposes, but they should also provide human care. ICUs should be accessible to parents, close relatives and caregivers when accompanying children during their hospital stay, during invasive procedures, CPR cardio pulmonary resuscitation and even during death. This is the children's undeniable right. In this paper, we describe a three-year experience in an open door ICU. We have undertaken this challenging path and have led change in the care of critically ill children.

Resumo: Acreditamos que devemos oferecer tratamentos apropriados, efetivos e menos invasivos, trabalhar de forma multicêntrica e colaborativa, poder comparar experiências e minimizar erros nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP), mas também, e fundamentalmente, devemos humanizar o tratamento. As portas da UTIP devem estar abertas aos pais, familiares próximos ou aos cuidadores para que eles possam acompanhar as crianças durante a internação e estar ao seu lado sempre que desejarem, o que inclui também a sua presença durante procedimentos invasivos, ressuscitação cardiopulmonar. (RCP) e inclusive durante a morte. Este é um direito indiscutível dos pacientes. Neste artigo descrevemos a experiência de 3 anos numa UTIP "de portas abertas". Nós temos percorrido este caminho difícil e longo para poder liderar esta mudança no cuidado das crianças gravemente doentes.